Energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) balance of logging residues as alternative energy resources: system analysis based on the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis

Using the method of a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, the energy balance and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission of logging residues from Japanese conventional forestry as alternative energy resources were analyzed over the entire life cycle of the residues. The fuel consumption for forestry machines was measured in field experiments for harvesting and transporting logging residues at forestry operating sites in Japan. In addition, a total audit of energy consumption was undertaken. It involved an assessment of materials, construction, and the repair and maintenance of forestry machines as well as the costs associated with an energy-conversion plant. As a result, the ratio of energy output to input was calculated to be 5.69, indicating that the system examined in this study could be feasible as an energy production system. The CO₂ emission per MWh_e (e: electricity) of the biomass-fired power generation plant was calculated to be 61.8kgCO₂/MWh_e, while that of coal-fired power generation plants in Japan is 960kgCO₂/MWh_e. Therefore, the reduction in the amount of CO₂ emission that would result from replacing coal with biomass for power generation by as much as 3.0 million dry-t/year of logging residues in Japan was estimated to be 1.66 million tCO₂/year, corresponding to 0.142% of the national CO₂ emission. This study provides evidence that Japan could reduce its domestic CO₂ emission by using logging residues as alternative energy resources.     

Liquefaction and product identification of main chemical compositions of wood in phenol

To clarify liquefaction ratios and their construction variations of the main chemical compositions of wood in phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst, the chemical ingredients of wood such as holocellulose, cellulose and lignin, were measured and extracted according to GB methods. With Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, the product identification of reactant before and after liquefaction in phenol was investigated. The molecular weights and their distributions of the liquefaction results （acetone soluble parts） were studied by gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. Results show that the molecular weights and their distributions of poplar and Chinese fir are almost the same. In poplar, the distribution of cellulose is the largest, and that ofholocellulose the smallest after liquefaction. For Chinese fir, the distribution of holocellulose is the largest, and that of cellulose the smallest. After liquefaction of poplar cellulose, the change bands of FTIR spectrum observed below 1 600 cm^-1, can be attributed to new substitute groups. The same is true for poplar lignin. For Chinese fir, the spectra of liquefaction results of all chemical compositions differ from that of wood meal. This reveals the more activity groups were produced because of the reactions between Chinese fir and phenol. The research shows that the liquefaction ratios of poplar decrease in the following order： holocellulose 〉 lignin 〉 cellulose, and those of Chinese fir in the order： lignin 〉 cellulose 〉 holocellulose.     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics under windrowed residues during the establishment phase of a second-rotation hoop pine plantation in subtropical Australia

The dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), derived from the decomposition of windrowed harvest residues, was examined in the establishment phase of a second rotation (2R) hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A. Cunn) plantation in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Following harvesting and site preparation, when residues were formed into windrows, in situ N mineralisation was measured in positions along the three tree-planting rows formed between the windrows. The position above the windrow had a higher nitrification rate than the other positions, averaging about 18 kg N ha⁻¹/month compared with 12 and 9 Kg N ha⁻¹ for the positions between and below the windrow positions, respectively. This position also had consistently greater soil moisture.

Macroplots were formed extending 5 m above and 10 m below a windrow. Windrowed residues within the macroplots were replaced by ¹⁵N-labelled material comprising hoop pine foliage, branch and stem. Hoop pine trees were planted within each macroplot with foliar samples taken at 12 and 24 months. Differences in foliar ¹⁵N enrichment between positions within macroplots were <1‰. Soil samples were taken from positions along the macroplots at 6-monthly intervals. Samples revealed an initial release of labile C and N but soil δ¹⁵N showed that residue-derived N was largely immobilised within the windrows for the 30-month sampling period. Whilst the use of windrows may act as a barrier to the down-slope movement of water, the residue N within the windrows may not be available to the trees of the following rotation for a considerable period following planting. Trees closest to the windrows may be able to introduce roots under the windrows thereby gaining access to the available N, but trees in the central tree planting row are unlikely to derive any significant benefit from the decomposition of windrowed residues.     

动物源食品中酰胺醇类药物及其代谢物残留检测超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立了动物源食品中酰胺醇类药物(氯霉素CAP、甲砜霉素TAP、氟苯尼考FF)及其代谢物(氟苯尼考胺FFA)残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法。样品经氨化乙酸乙酯提取,正已烷脱脂,氨化乙酸乙酯反萃取,电喷雾正/负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。四种药物在0.2~50μg/L的系列浓度范围呈线性相关,样品中CAP的检测限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.2μg/kg;TAP、FF、FFA检测限为0.5μg/kg,定量限为1.0μg/kg。在0.2~5μg/kg的添加浓度范围内平均回收均为80%~120%,变异系数均小于15%。结果表明该方法简单快速、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于动物源食品中酰胺醇类及其代谢物残留检测。     

LC-MS/MS measurement of ampicillin residue in swine tissues at 5 days after in-feed administration

We assessed ampicillin (ABPC) concentrations of kidney, muscle and intestine after a 5–day withdrawal period in 2 male and a female young Large White pigs fed the diet containing ABPC (ABPC medicated feed, 24 mg/kg/day) for a week. The ABPC residues were measured with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and the mean recoveries and quantitation limits ranged from 91.8 to 97.2% and from 0.1 to 0.12 ng/g, respectively. The residual ABPC concentrations were ≤1.18 ng/g for the muscle, ≤0.53 ng/g for the kidney and ≤1.93 ng/g for the intestine, suggesting below the Japanese provisional maximum residue limits. These results reveal that the analytical method is developed for residual ABPC and that the withdrawal period is appropriate.     

Study on Feed Value of Cassava Residue for Growing-Fishing Pigs

To determine the apparent digestibility of cassava residue (CR) nutrient and the effects of CR on growth performance when replaced the different levels corn in diet,two experiments were designed.In the first experiment,8 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred barrow pigs with the similar weight (22.46 kg±1.08 kg) were chosen for determining the apparent digestibility of CR.The pre-test period lasted for 10 days,and the trial period lasted for 5 days.In the second experiment,160 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred pigs with the similar weight(21.09 kg±0.72 kg) were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates per group and eight pigs per replicate.The control group was fed with basal diet while the experimental groups were fed diets containing 5%,10%,15% and 20% levels of substitution of corn by CR,respectively.The pre-test period lasted for 5 days,and the trial period lasted for 30 days.The results showed that the content of CP and EE in CR were 2.73% and 0.68%,but CF and total energy were 15.34% and 13.55 MJ/kg.The content of Lys and Thr were 0.11% and 0.08%,respectively.Calcium and phosphorus apparent digestibility were low,just only 40.24% and 34.76%,respectively,while apparent total energy digestibility was 65.62%.The apparent digestibility of Arg,Glu,Tyr,Met,Leu and Val were higher than 80%.The average daily gain was reduced with increasing dose of CR,which the group of 15% and 20% addition were significantly lower than that of control group (P< 0.05).However,the average daily gain of 5% and 10% groups were no significant difference with the control group(P >0.05).The feed cost of 5% and 10% addition groups were decreased by 0.01 and 0.05 yuan.In conclusion,under this experimental condition,the appropriate addition of CR for growing-fishing pig (20 to 50 kg ) was 5% to 10% in the diet.     

麦秸还田及氮肥管理技术对水稻产量的影响

以水稻武香粳14和扬粳9538为材,大田设麦秸还田与不还田、不施氮肥、习惯施肥法（FFP）和基于叶绿素仪(SPAD)测定值的氮肥管理(SSNM)等处理。结果表明,SSNM较FFP氮肥施用量减少40.0%~41.7%,而产量平均增加3.81%。秸秆还田的较秸秆未还田的产量平均增加2.49%。氮肥的农学利用率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均以秸秆还田高于秸秆不还田处理。与秸秆未还田或FFP相比,秸秆还田和SSNM降低了生育前期的分蘖数、叶面积指数和干物质积累（但抽穗及以后差异较小）;提高了茎蘖成穗率、结实期叶片光合速率和根系活力。说明秸秆还田和SSNM有利于生育后期群体光合生产和提高物质生产效率。秸秆还田和实地氮肥管理提高了氮收获指数和氮肥利用效率。对秸秆还田和SSNM的产量、生育特性及氮肥利用效率进行了讨论。     

柑橘中除虫脲的残留及膳食安全风险评估

2018年,在湖南的长沙和张家界、浙江兰溪等12个地点开展除虫脲的最终残留试验,并在湖南长沙、江西高安、广西南宁、福建漳州等4地进行除虫脲的残留消解动态试验,采用高效液相色谱–串联质谱法(HPLC–MS/MS)测定除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的残留量,并进行除虫脲的膳食安全风险评估。柑橘样品先采用乙腈超声提取,再经PSA和无水硫酸镁净化,最后用HPLC–MS/MS分析测定,外标法定量,柑橘全果和果肉中除虫脲的添加水平为0.01、0.10、1.00、5.00 mg/kg时,平均回收率分别为89%~102%和76%~99%,相对标准偏差分别为7%~11%和8%~9%;除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的定量限均为0.01 mg/kg;除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的残留量随着时间的推移呈波动性缓慢下降,其消解半衰期分别为13.0~18.0 d和9.6~34.0 d;质量分数25%除虫脲可湿性粉剂在柑橘上以125 mg/kg(制剂用量为2000倍液)施药3次,施药间隔7 d,于末次施药后第35天采样测定,除虫脲在柑橘全果和果肉中的残留量分别为＜0.01~0.55 mg/kg和＜0.01~0.93 mg/kg,除虫脲在柑橘中的残留量均小于中国规定的最大残留限量值(1 mg/kg);膳食安全风险评估结果显示,普通人群中除虫脲的国家估算每日摄入量为0.651 2 mg(柑橘全果)、0.644 4 mg(柑橘果肉),风险商为51.7%(柑橘全果)、51.1%(柑橘果肉),对一般人群健康产生的风险较低。     

有机物料还田对夏玉米田土壤氮素形态、转化及利用的影响

为探究不同有机物料还田对土壤氮素转化与利用的影响,通过田间定位试验,在夏玉米季不同生育时期以无机肥(CF)为对照,测定秸秆(ST)、猪粪(PM)和沼渣(BR)3种有机物料等氮量还田处理的土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物量氮以及玉米产量等指标,并通过室内培养测定不同物料还田的土壤净氮矿化速率。结果表明:从对土壤总量影响来看,添加3种有机物料均能不同程度地增加土壤全氮含量,成熟期PM、BR和ST处理分别比CF提高16.62%、9.14%和8.60%。从氮素形态来看,PM处理可以提高土壤硝态氮含量,在玉米扬花期和成熟期分别提高37.05%和75.86%;BR处理可以提高土壤铵态氮含量,在整个玉米生育期土壤铵态氮提高16.83%。3种有机物料还田均可提高土壤微生物量氮,ST、PM和BR分别比CF高出15.76%、14.84%和17.85%。从不同有机物料还田的土壤氮矿化速率来看,PM和BR处理可显著提高土壤氮矿化速率,分别比CF高出33.53%和12.93%,ST处理的土壤氮矿化速率最低(0.03~1.06 mg/(kg·d))。就产量与氮肥吸收而言,PM处理玉米产量比ST处理提高8.10%,PM和BR处理氮肥吸收效率均显著高于CF和ST处理。3种有机物料还田均可提高土壤全氮水平,但在土壤氮素形态和氮矿化速率上有差异。在3种有机物料处理中,沼渣处理最有利于增加土壤无机氮含量,猪粪处理对于促进土壤氮矿化效果最佳,秸秆则显著减弱了土壤中氮的矿化速率。综上,猪粪和沼渣还田在提高土壤供氮能力、促进氮矿化与促进氮肥吸收上均显著优于秸秆,猪粪还田有利于提高玉米产量。     

鸡血藤药渣对废水中Cu2+的吸附行为

采用废弃中药渣鸡血藤（Spatholobus suberectus Dunn.,SSD）为生物吸附剂对废水中铜离子（Cu²⁺）进行吸附,探讨吸附性能和吸附机理,为废水中Cu²⁺的去除和中药渣的资源化利用提供参考依据。通过吸附性能试验探讨了吸附剂剂量、pH值、初始离子浓度、温度、时间和共存阳离子对SSD吸附Cu²⁺的影响,根据吸附前后SSD的形貌特征,探讨其对Cu²⁺的吸附机理。结果表明,SSD对Cu²⁺的吸附速率较大,在30 min时吸附达到平衡。增加吸附剂剂量、pH值和吸附时间均会促进SSD对Cu²⁺的吸附,共存阳离子会在一定程度上抑制Cu²⁺的吸附。Sips等温模型能更好地描述不同温度下SSD对Cu²⁺的吸附过程,吸附特征是Langmuir和Freundlich模型的结合。SSD对Cu²⁺的吸附符合准二级动力学方程,表明化学吸附是反应的限速步骤。SSD对Cu²⁺的吸附机理包括离子交换、络合和静电吸引。研究表明,废弃中药渣鸡血藤可用于废水中Cu²⁺的去除。